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Current positionReducerHome>> Knowledge of international trade>> International Trade Theory and Practice
International Trade Theory and Practice
First, the foreign trade turnover
Foreign trade turnover , also known as foreign trade value , is a reflection of a country's currency scale of foreign trade indicators of a certain period , a period of time by a country 's exports plus imports constituted . Currently , some countries expressed in national currency , some with foreign currency. In the calculation, exports generally FOB prices , imports generally CIF prices .
A country in a given period compared to merchandise exports and imports and the formation of difference , called the foreign trade balance . When exports exceed imports , the trade surplus in , also known as a trade surplus ; when imports exceed exports , the trade deficit is also called trade trade deficit ; when exports equal to imports , the trade balance is called .
Second, the international trade
International trade , also known as the value of international trade , is a reflection of a certain period of currency world trade volume in the index for a period of time around the world ( regions ) of the sum of the export trade .
Statistical international trade , we must make the world ( regions ) are translated into the same currency in exports after the addition. Paying particular attention to not simply put the world ( regions ) of the foreign trade volume added , but only to countries in the world ( region ) exports are added. Because a country's exports is another country imports , so that if the countries of the world ( regions ) of the sum of exports and imports , will result in double counting. And because the majority of countries ( regions ) to FOB export price statistics , statistics imports on CIF prices , CIF FOB price much cheaper than freight and insurance , so the world's countries ( regions ) of the sum of exports , to more accurately reflect the actual size of international trade .
Third, trade
Scale with currency trading is convenient , but because commodity prices change frequently , so it does not accurately reflect the actual size of trade developments and changes. If using the number that you can avoid this drawback , the resulting volume of trade concept.
Trade intent refers to the quantity, weight , length, area, volume and other measurement units to reflect a certain period of trade scale indicator. On a commodity , the use of measurement units is very easy. However, due to participate in a wide variety of merchandise trade , the standard unit of measurement varies, some small value , the difference is very big, can not be unified measure , unit of measure used to count the foreign trade or international trade size is unrealistic. Therefore , in order to reflect the actual size of trade developments and changes in the impact of discounting price changes only to a certain period to calculate the volume of trade in constant prices , in order to achieve comparability of different periods . Thus, the actual volume of trade derived meaning is:
Year of trade refers to the fixed base period determined export price index to remove the import and export volume of the reporting period derived by calculating the volume of trade at constant prices reflect the actual size of trade development and change . The formula is :
For example , assume that in 1991 the world export value of $ 1.4 trillion , in 2001 the world export value of $ 3 trillion , set in 1991 the export price index was 100 in 2001 to 160 , Compare the 2001 value of world exports and world export trade with 1991 the growth of world export value changes .
An increase of 114% .
An increase of 34%.
Thus, according to trade ( value ) basis, 2001 is the 1991 world exports in world exports 2.14 times , an increase of 114% ; calculated by trade , excluding the price factor , 2001 is the world export trade 1991 world export trade ( when in 1991 as the base year , the price index of 100 , equal to the value of trade trade volume ) of 1.34 times , an increase of only 34%. Since the calculated volume of trade can arrive at a more accurate reflection of the actual size of changes in the trade , many countries and international organizations have adopted this method to calculate trade .
Fourth, the terms of trade
Terms of trade is a country in a given period of export commodities prices and import prices contrast between , reflect the country 's foreign trade situation , the general terms of trade index , ie the export price index to import price index for the ratio representation . The formula is :
If the terms of trade index is greater than 100 , indicating that export prices relative to import prices rise, exports can exchange for the same amount of goods more than the original imported goods , the country's terms of trade for the year favorable than the base period , which improved ; if the terms of trade index less than 100 , indicating that export prices relative to import prices fell more than exports in exchange for the same amount of energy commodities imported goods less than the original , the country's terms of trade for the year unfavorable than the base period , which worsened.
Fifth, foreign trade commodity structure
Commodity structure of foreign trade is a country in a given period , all kinds of other export commodities accounted for the proportion of total import and export volume , reflecting a country's level of economic development , industrial structure condition and in the international division of labor in which the position. In general, a country the greater the proportion of manufactured exports , reflecting the country's economic development level is higher, the share of international division of labor in the greater advantage ; export commodity structure of a country more diverse , it is more able to adapt to the international market demand and changes in the country 's position in the international division of labor would be relatively favorable .
Sixth, international trade commodity structure
International trade commodity structure refers to the entire world in a certain period of each class commodities in international trade in the proportion of the total , reflecting the level of overall world economic development , industrial structure situation in each class of goods in international trade position occupied . After the war, with the scientific and technological progress, the development of the world economy , international trade commodity structure has also undergone a significant change in the proportion of manufactured goods gradually increased , the proportion of primary products dwindling .
Seven , Direction of Foreign Trade
Direction of Foreign Trade , also known as the geographic distribution of foreign trade , is a country in a given period the geographical distribution of foreign trade and national distribution , namely the country's export commodities where the flow of imported goods come from, usually a period of time Some countries or regions in the world with the country's import and export volume of the country 's total import and export trade proportion to represent. It reflects the country with the world or regional level economic and trade ties , or that some of the world countries or regions in the country 's foreign trade in the position occupied .
Eight , the direction of international trade geography
Geographic direction of international trade , international trade , also known as geographic distribution , refers to the period of time in world trade continent , country or regional distribution and flow of goods , usually a period of time the world's continents , countries or regions Exports ( or imports ) share of world total export trade ( or the total import trade ) in proportion to represent. It reflects the world's continents , countries or regions in international trade position occupied . Different periods of observation and study international trade geography direction for us to grasp market developments and changes in understanding of the world economic exchange between countries and the closeness of the relationship and open up new foreign markets, has important significance.
Nine , foreign trade dependence
Dependence on foreign trade is a measure of a country's economic dependence on the import and export trade as an indicator , the general import and export trade of the country in a given period the same period the value of the country's GNP ( or GDP ) of proportion expressed . Greater proportion , indicating that the larger the country's dependence on foreign trade , otherwise small . As countries at different levels of economic development , foreign trade policy differences , different size of the domestic market , leading to national dependence on foreign trade are quite different.
First, the foreign trade turnover
Foreign trade turnover , also known as foreign trade value , is a reflection of a country's currency scale of foreign trade indicators of a certain period , a period of time by a country 's exports plus imports constituted . Currently , some countries expressed in national currency , some with foreign currency. In the calculation, exports generally FOB prices , imports generally CIF prices .
A country in a given period compared to merchandise exports and imports and the formation of difference , called the foreign trade balance . When exports exceed imports , the trade surplus in , also known as a trade surplus ; when imports exceed exports , the trade deficit is also called trade trade deficit ; when exports equal to imports , the trade balance is called .
Second, the international trade
International trade , also known as the value of international trade , is a reflection of a certain period of currency world trade volume in the index for a period of time around the world ( regions ) of the sum of the export trade .
Statistical international trade , we must make the world ( regions ) are translated into the same currency in exports after the addition. Paying particular attention to not simply put the world ( regions ) of the foreign trade volume added , but only to countries in the world ( region ) exports are added. Because a country's exports is another country imports , so that if the countries of the world ( regions ) of the sum of exports and imports , will result in double counting. And because the majority of countries ( regions ) to FOB export price statistics , statistics imports on CIF prices , CIF FOB price much cheaper than freight and insurance , so the world's countries ( regions ) of the sum of exports , to more accurately reflect the actual size of international trade .
Third, trade
Scale with currency trading is convenient , but because commodity prices change frequently , so it does not accurately reflect the actual size of trade developments and changes. If using the number that you can avoid this drawback , the resulting volume of trade concept.
Trade intent refers to the quantity, weight , length, area, volume and other measurement units to reflect a certain period of trade scale indicator. On a commodity , the use of measurement units is very easy. However, due to participate in a wide variety of merchandise trade , the standard unit of measurement varies, some small value , the difference is very big, can not be unified measure , unit of measure used to count the foreign trade or international trade size is unrealistic. Therefore , in order to reflect the actual size of trade developments and changes in the impact of discounting price changes only to a certain period to calculate the volume of trade in constant prices , in order to achieve comparability of different periods . Thus, the actual volume of trade derived meaning is:
Year of trade refers to the fixed base period determined export price index to remove the import and export volume of the reporting period derived by calculating the volume of trade at constant prices reflect the actual size of trade development and change . The formula is :
For example , assume that in 1991 the world export value of $ 1.4 trillion , in 2001 the world export value of $ 3 trillion , set in 1991 the export price index was 100 in 2001 to 160 , Compare the 2001 value of world exports and world export trade with 1991 the growth of world export value changes .
An increase of 114% .
An increase of 34%.
Thus, according to trade ( value ) basis, 2001 is the 1991 world exports in world exports 2.14 times , an increase of 114% ; calculated by trade , excluding the price factor , 2001 is the world export trade 1991 world export trade ( when in 1991 as the base year , the price index of 100 , equal to the value of trade trade volume ) of 1.34 times , an increase of only 34%. Since the calculated volume of trade can arrive at a more accurate reflection of the actual size of changes in the trade , many countries and international organizations have adopted this method to calculate trade .
Fourth, the terms of trade
Terms of trade is a country in a given period of export commodities prices and import prices contrast between , reflect the country 's foreign trade situation , the general terms of trade index , ie the export price index to import price index for the ratio representation . The formula is :
If the terms of trade index is greater than 100 , indicating that export prices relative to import prices rise, exports can exchange for the same amount of goods more than the original imported goods , the country's terms of trade for the year favorable than the base period , which improved ; if the terms of trade index less than 100 , indicating that export prices relative to import prices fell more than exports in exchange for the same amount of energy commodities imported goods less than the original , the country's terms of trade for the year unfavorable than the base period , which worsened.
Fifth, foreign trade commodity structure
Commodity structure of foreign trade is a country in a given period , all kinds of other export commodities accounted for the proportion of total import and export volume , reflecting a country's level of economic development , industrial structure condition and in the international division of labor in which the position. In general, a country the greater the proportion of manufactured exports , reflecting the country's economic development level is higher, the share of international division of labor in the greater advantage ; export commodity structure of a country more diverse , it is more able to adapt to the international market demand and changes in the country 's position in the international division of labor would be relatively favorable .
Sixth, international trade commodity structure
International trade commodity structure refers to the entire world in a certain period of each class commodities in international trade in the proportion of the total , reflecting the level of overall world economic development , industrial structure situation in each class of goods in international trade position occupied . After the war, with the scientific and technological progress, the development of the world economy , international trade commodity structure has also undergone a significant change in the proportion of manufactured goods gradually increased , the proportion of primary products dwindling .
Seven , Direction of Foreign Trade
Direction of Foreign Trade , also known as the geographic distribution of foreign trade , is a country in a given period the geographical distribution of foreign trade and national distribution , namely the country's export commodities where the flow of imported goods come from, usually a period of time Some countries or regions in the world with the country's import and export volume of the country 's total import and export trade proportion to represent. It reflects the country with the world or regional level economic and trade ties , or that some of the world countries or regions in the country 's foreign trade in the position occupied .
Eight , the direction of international trade geography
Geographic direction of international trade , international trade , also known as geographic distribution , refers to the period of time in world trade continent , country or regional distribution and flow of goods , usually a period of time the world's continents , countries or regions Exports ( or imports ) share of world total export trade ( or the total import trade ) in proportion to represent. It reflects the world's continents , countries or regions in international trade position occupied . Different periods of observation and study international trade geography direction for us to grasp market developments and changes in understanding of the world economic exchange between countries and the closeness of the relationship and open up new foreign markets, has important significance.
Nine , foreign trade dependence
Dependence on foreign trade is a measure of a country's economic dependence on the import and export trade as an indicator , the general import and export trade of the country in a given period the same period the value of the country's GNP ( or GDP ) of proportion expressed . Greater proportion , indicating that the larger the country's dependence on foreign trade , otherwise small . As countries at different levels of economic development , foreign trade policy differences , different size of the domestic market , leading to national dependence on foreign trade are quite different.